Five Great Scientists and Their Inventions
Albert Einstein (14th March 1879-18th April 1955)
Born on 14th March 1879,
Einstein is rightly considered the most famous scientist and a notable
theoretical physicist of all time. Einstein is forever to be known to the world
of science through the theories of relativity. The credit for founding and developing
theories of relativity named “Relativity theory” goes to him.
His theory of relativity
along with his equation E=mc2 made him a worldwide celebrity. When it was
published in 1905, the theory of relativity had little impact on the general
public. It was even rejected by some renowned scientists. He was awarded the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his interpretation of the photoelectric
effect.
By birth, he was a German.
Though he was born in Germany, later he migrated to the United States.
Therefore, today he is known as a German-American physicist. His schooling was
in Munich, where he attended rigidly disciplined schools. He practiced music
also. He received a doctorate degree from Zurich University in 1905.
Einstein died on 18th
April 1955 in his sleep at Princeton Hospital. He was a famous Physicist, a
violinist, and a mathematician. To mankind, he made a unique
contribution to understanding the universe. In the history of science, he
holds a prominent place.
Charles Robert Darwin (12th February 1809-19th April 1882)
Born on 12th February 1809,
Darwin was the second son of his parents, Robert Waring Darwin and Susannah
Wedgwood. He was born in England and educated at Cambridge and Edwin Burgh. He
is noted for his contributions to the science of evolution. He was the founder
of ‘The Theory of Evolution.
He made a long voyage and
carried out extensive research. Darwin’s courage and intelligence were to set
the pattern for research on the origin of human beings. He concentrated his
studies on finding out the missing factors about the evolution of man. In 1859 he
published the book ‘On the Origins of Species’
Though the publication of
this book paved the way for much debate and discussion, he is still considered
the greatest scientist as well as the most controversial scientist of all time.
His explanations of the evolution of species helped later scientists to
understand the missing factors about the evolution of man and are widely
accepted now. Unfortunately, fate did not allow him to complete his studies, he
died on 19th April 1882.
Galileo
Galilei (15th February 1564-8th January 1642)
In addition to being an astronomer and mathematician, Galileo Galilei made a great contribution to the development of science. Galileo Galilei was a man of progressive views against all blind beliefs. In those days, the Earth was considered the center of the universe. However, he demonstrated that the Earth is only a part of the Milky Way.
Galileo Galilei is regarded
as the father of modern science and is known for his work in physics,
astronomy, cosmology, mathematics, and philosophy. The fundamental
contributions of his work are in motion and astronomy. A range of his
inventions, including compasses and balances, improved telescopes and
microscopes, revolutionized the field of astronomy and biology.
By arranging lenses, he
built the first telescope in 1606. Using the telescope, he observed and mapped
the moons of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, Venus' phases, sunspots, and craters and
mountains on the moon. In 1632, he published a book ‘The Dialogue of the two
principal systems of the World’.
His book and his
discoveries provoked the religious authorities at the time. The religious
authorities condemned his book and imprisoned him in his home. Galileo spent
nine years in house arrest during the final nine years of his life. A summary
of his early motion experiments was being written at that time, which became
his last great scientific work. He died on January 8, 1642, at age 77.
Hippocrates (Birth: 460 BC/Death: 375 BC)
You may have heard of the
Hippocratic Oath which medical students take when they graduate. Hippocrates is
regarded as the father of medicine and the most celebrated physician of
antiquity. It is noted that he did not write the so-called Hippocratic Oath,
though it is associated with his name.
Around 460 BC, Hippocrates
was born on the island of Kos. Many diseases and medical conditions were
described by Hippocrates and his followers for the first time. Hippocrates and
his successors promoted the theory of the four "humors": black bile,
yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. According to him whenever these humors were in
balance, health prevailed; when they were vitiated, disease prevailed.
The life and activities of
Hippocrates are not well documented. However, we know he possessed
extraordinary talents and vision based on what we have heard and read about
him. It is said that the Greek philosopher Plato was his contemporary. In Plato's writings, Hippocrates is described as the greatest of all physicians.
The most remarkable thing about Hippocrates is his philosophical approach to
medicine in addition to the importance he gave to ethics and principles.
In his view, the body is a
"whole" or a single organism. Hippocrates is often credited with many
works, but in reality, there are very few that actually belong to him. One of
the most prominent works in the Hippocratic collection was a treatise on
epidemics. Another work is Aphorisms, a collection of 412 brief counsels
concerning diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
Maria Sklodowska Curie 7th Noevember1867 4th July1934
Maria Curie was a
Polish-French physicist and chemist. Radioactivity was her area of expertise.
As a radioactivity pioneer, she made important contributions to the field. In
addition, she is the first person to receive the Nobel Prize twice. She was
born in Poland and lived there until she was 24. Her parents both worked as
teachers, and they tried to instill in their children the value of education.
Upon graduating from high
school at 15, she was the most outstanding student. During her youth, she
exhibited exceptional memory and a diligent work ethic and was known to neglect
both food and sleep to concentrate on studying. Her pursuit of science led her
to Paris in 1891.
She married Pierre Curie, a
professor at the School of Physics, in 1895 after meeting him in
1894. Upon the death of her husband, she succeeded him as director of the
Physics Laboratory at the Sorbonne. Hers
was the first woman professorship at the Sorbonne. She was the first woman
to hold a professorship at the Sorbonne. In addition, she became the Director of the
Curie Laboratory at the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, which was
founded in 1914.
Her early research in
conjunction with her husband was often conducted in difficult conditions. The
laboratory arrangements were poor, and both had to teach to earn a
living. Together, they were able to discover radium and polonium through
their investigations of radioactivity.
Both of them together had
discovered radium and polonium in their investigation of radioactivity. In
addition to being one of the most famous female scientists to date, Marie Curie
is honored with many honors and tributes.
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